IUCN links PROVE that a sustainability study in Taiji and Iwate is well overdue. The Government of Japan are indeed using 20 year old data or deliberately ignoring the facts listed here by the IUCN
Risso's IUCN link
83,300 (CV=17%) in three areas of concentrated occurrence off Japan (Miyashita 1993) This shows the quotas are being set from a 21 year old set of figures.
Conservation Actions: The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES. The North and Baltic Sea subpopulations are included in Appendix II of CMS.
This is a circumglobal species, which migrates between summering and wintering grounds. Off California, where these movements are best known, they may cross between US and Mexican waters. Data on abundance, bycatch, and behaviour needed in order to develop conservation measures that will enable protection of the natural habitat of the species
Japan is the only country on the planet to actively hunt Risso's dolphins!
THE FIGURES SET FOR THE QUOTAS ARE BEING TAKEN FROM A 1993 STUDY, 21 YEARS OLD! WHY HASN'T IT BEEN REDONE?
Bottlenose: IUCN link
36,791 (CV=25%) in Japanese coastal waters (Miyashita 1993)
Acute conservation problems are known or suspected in at least: (a) the
Mediterranean and Black seas (IWC 1992, Reeves and Notarbartolo di
Sciara 2006); (b) Sri Lanka (Leatherwood and Reeves 1989); (c) Peru,
Ecuador and Chile (Read
et al. 1988; Van Waerebeek
et al. 1990, 1997; Sanino
et al. 2004; K. Van Waerebeek pers. comm.); (d) Taiwan (Hammond and Leatherwood 1984, Perrin 1989, Wang
et al. 1999); and (e)
Japan (Miyazaki 1983
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
The Bottlenose
Dolphin has been afforded special protected status under Annex II of
the European Union’s Habitats Directive. Commercial hunting of Black Sea
cetaceans including Bottlenose Dolphins was banned in 1966 in the
former USSR, Bulgaria and Romania, and in 1983 in Turkey.
WHY HAS THIS NOT BEEN AFFORDED IN JAPAN?
AGAIN ANOTHER 20 YEAR OLD STUDY USED TO TAKE FIGURES FOR THE QUOTAS FROM!
Pantropical spotted: IUCN link
The north-eastern offshore Spotted Dolphin (the form most affected by
the ETP tuna fishery) numbered about 737,000 in 2003 (CV=15%; Gerrodette
et al. 2005), a reduction of 76% from original size in 1959 (Reilly
et al.
2005). This population is not showing clear signs of recovery despite
the dramatic decline in mortality in recent years (Gerrodette and
Forcada 2005)
Estimate about 438,000 inhabited Japanese waters in the early 1990s (Miyashita 1993).
Japan takes large numbers of spotted dolphins for human consumption. The
catch in 1982 was 3,799, and annual catches between 1994 and 1997
ranged from 23 to 449 (Perrin 2002). Between 1995 and 2004, the average
annual catch was 129 animals (Kasuya 2007). The drive fishery for
Spotted Dolphins began in 1959 and is thought to have caused a slight
decline in the minimum age at attainment of sexual maturity in females
(Kasuya 1985).
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
Spotted
Dolphins, as with other species impacted by the ETP tuna purse-seine
fishery, are managed both nationally by the coastal countries and
internationally by the IATTC. The IATTC has imposed annual stock
mortality limits on each purse seine and promulgated regulations
regarding the safe release of dolphins (Bayliff 2001).
As the
species comprises several subspecies and regional populations, the
conservation status of each of these should be assessed separately since
the available estimates of abundance and removals suggest that some of
them may fall into a Threatened category.
WHY HAS THE SPECIES NOT BEEN ASSESSED BY SEPARATE SUB SPECIES TO SEE IF THEY FALL INTO THE THREATENED CATEGORY?
Striped:IUCN link
Relatively few striped dolphins (about 19,631; CV = 70%) were present in
the nearshore waters off Japan (Kasuya 1999). In the coastal portion of
this range, the population has probably been depleted by directed takes
(Kasuya 1999); however, questions of population identity remain (IWC
1994).
The largest directed catches have occurred in Japanese waters, in drive
and hand-harpoon fisheries at several locations that date back to at
least the Meiji period (1868-1912). Catch statistics are incomplete
before 1978, but annual recorded takes exceeded 15,000-20,000 striped
dolphins in some years. Catches were reduced beginning in 1981 and have
since varied between 358 (in 1987) and 4,783 (1981), averaging 2,512
during the period 1981-89. Between 1988-1994, the average catch was
1,045 (Kasuya 1999). The average take between 1995-2004 was 502
individuals (Kasuya 2007), and there has been an annual quota of 725
since 1993 (through 2006). Fragmented information on morphology, life
history, pollutant levels and genetics suggests that the striped
dolphins taken by Japanese fisheries are from more than one
subpopulation, with varying proportions among fisheries and perhaps over
time (IWC 1993).
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
Striped
dolphins are one of the main small cetacean species involved in small
cetacean harpoon and drive fisheries in Japanese waters. The impact of
these takes on the populations should be reassessed.
The current ban on driftnet fishing in the Mediterranean should be implemented and enforced as a matter of priority.
THE IUCN HAS SAID THE IMPACT OF THE DRIVE FISHERIES ON THESE DOLPHINS SHOULD BE REASSESSED SO WHY HAVEN'T THEY BEEN?
Pacific white sided: IUCN Link
Two separate estimates of abundance have been made for waters of the
central North Pacific, suggesting that 900,000–1,000,000 Pacific
White-sided Dolphins may inhabit this oceanic region (Buckland
et al.
1993, Miyashita 1993); however, precision was low for both studies, and
vessel attraction probably resulted in a substantial overestimation of
population size (Buckland
et al. 1993).
The potential for renewed directed takes in Japanese waters, coupled
with evidence for population substructure, particularly at the southern
ends of this species' range, may require the re-examination of the
threat to this species.
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
The most
significant international conservation measure for this species was the
United Nations (U.N.) moratorium on high-seas driftnet fishing
implemented in 1993. In the eastern North Pacific, the U.S drift gillnet
fishery has been required since 1996 to use acoustic warning devices
(pingers) to reduce cetacean bycatch; however, low levels of bycatch of
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens have continued (Carretta
et al. 2005).
AS JAPAN DID RESTART DIRECT TAKES, WHY HAS THE THREAT TO THE SPECIES NOT BEEN RE EXAMINED?
For some reason Yamamoto missed off the false killer whales and the short finned pilot whales, but their data is there too.
False Killer Whale IUCN link
Not been caught for the last 3 seasons in Taiji, despite the quota being given every year.
Global trend or abundance data for this species are unavailable.
Studies on population structure in this species indicate both broad-scale (between-ocean) limits on gene flow (e.g., Kitchener
et al. 1990), and limited gene flow on smaller (within-ocean) scales (Chivers
et al. 2007). Abundance has been estimated for the coastal waters of China and Japan (16,000, CV=26%; Miyashita 1993).
Although there is considerable controversy regarding the absolute level
of declines, there is good evidence of large-scale reductions in many
predatory fish populations (e.g., Baum
et al. 2003, 2005; Sibert
et al. 2006; Polacheck 2006) and over-fishing and collapse of several important “prey” fish stocks world-wide (e.g., Jackson
et al.
2001). The effects of such fish population reductions and subsequent
ecosystem changes on world-wide populations of false killer whales are
unknown but could result in population declines.
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES
This is a
relatively poorly-known species which, although mostly observed over
deep water, is known to strand from many coasts. Abundance estimates as
well as by-catch data do not exist for most areas, nor are there
detailed accounts on migratory behaviour. Clearly, more research is
needed.
IUCN STATE CLEARLY MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED SO WHY HASN'T IT BEEN DONE?
Short Finned Pilot Whale IUCN link
There are two geographical forms of Short-finned Pilot Whales off Japan,
northern and southern, differing in external and cranial morphology
(Rice 1998). Their exact taxonomic status is unresolved, but they may
represent separate species or subspecies.
The Short-finned Pilot Whales are treated as one species even though
there is evidence that it may be a complex of two or more species. If it
is so designated, the classification may change. If taxonomic
designations change, then it is suspected that some new species may
warrant listing under higher categories of risk. Because additional data
should resolve this taxonomic uncertainty, the current species is
listed as Data Deficient.
The northern form off Japan has a sub population estimated at
4,000–5,000, and the southern form has an estimated sub population of
about 14,000 in coastal waters (Miyashita 1993)
The Short-finned Pilot Whale has been exploited for centuries in the
western North Pacific. The largest catches have recently occurred off
Japan, where small coastal whaling stations and drive fisheries take a
few hundred annually. In recent years, the southern form continues to
sustain a higher kill than the northern form and is considered depleted
The current annual national quota is 50. In 1982, the drive fishery at
Taiji expanded and harpooning of the northern form was resumed off
Sanriku and Hokkaido. Between 1982 and 1985, 1,755 whales of the
southern form were killed, and 519 of the northern form were taken
during this same period. The current annual national quota is 450. From
1985 to 1989, Japan took a total of 2,326 short-finned pilot whales. The
drive fisheries in Japan, as well as the Japanese harpoon fishery
continue today. In 1997, Japan recorded a catch of 347 Short-finned
Pilot Whales (Olson and Reilly 2002).
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Research is needed to
determine the impact of potential threats on this species.
RESEARCH IS NEEDED AS AGAIN THE TAIJI QUOTAS ARE SET USING 21 YEAR OLD FIGURES SO WHY HASN'T THIS BEEN DONE?
Dalls Porpoise IUCN link
In the western North Pacific, the
truei-type population
migrating between the Pacific coasts of Japan and the central Okhotsk
Sea is estimated at 217,000 (CV=0.23). The
dalli-type population migrating between the Sea of Japan and the southern Okhotsk Sea is estimated at 226,000 (CV=0.15), and the
dalli-type
population summering in the northern Okhotsk Sea at 111,000 (CV=0.29)
(IWC 1998). These estimates are subject to biases due to response to
survey vessels.
The International Whaling Commission currently
recognizes 11 populations of this species, based on differences in
genetics, pollutant loads, parasite faunas, and distribution patterns of
cow/calf pairs (IWC 2002). Three of them summer in the Okhotsk Sea, two
in the Bering Sea, four in the North Pacific, and two off the U.S.
coast, but the wintering grounds are unknown for many of them. The
populations cannot be reliably distinguished by their external
appearance at sea except for the three summering in the Okhotsk Sea,
which are distinguishable based on the pigmentation and location.
The Japanese government began to regulate the hand-harpoon hunt in 1989,
and a catch quota was introduced in 1993. The fishery currently
operates with a quota of 9,000
dalli-type Sea of Japan-southern Okhotsk Sea population and 8,700
truei-type
Pacific coast-central Okhotsk Sea population (IWC 2002). The current
level of reported takes are about 4% of the mean estimate of the size of
the populations; however, these catch statistics might not be reliable
(Kasuya 2007).
Environmental contaminants are also thought to be a
threat, and high levels of organochlorines may reduce testosterone
levels in males and affect calf viability, thereby influencing
reproduction and survival (Subramanian
et al. 1987, 1988).
Conservation Actions:
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
The long
period since the last survey (over 15 years) warrants urgent
reassessment of the status of the two sub populations hunted by the
Japanese hand harpoon fishery.
WHY HASN'T AN URGENT REASSESSMENT BEEN DONE?
As you can see from the IUCN reports above ALL species need assessment for sustainability, as none have any up to date reports to work from, they ARE being done from 21 year old data and some have IUCN Conservation Actions listed that also have not been done.
Shinzo Abe and the Japanese Government need to halt the hunts until they have the information needed above for everyone's benefit.